NZ Bkpg Bee Diseases Organisation Information Contacts

 Advanced

American Foulbrood

Alippi, A. (1994). Sensibilidad "in vitro" de Bacillus larvae frente a diferentes antimicrobianos. Vida Apicola 66:20-24.

Bailey, L. and Ball, B.V. (1991). Honey bee pathology. Academic Press.

Bailey, L. and Lee, D.C. (1962). Bacillus larvae: its cultivation in vitro and its growth in vivo. Journal of General Microbiology 29:711-717.

Bamrick, J.F. (1967). Resistance to American foulbrood in honey bees. VI. Spore germination in larvae of different ages. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 9:30- 34.

Blum, M.S., Novak, A.F. and Taber, S. (1959). 10-Hydroxy-delta2-decenoic acid, and antibiotic found in royal jelly. Science 130:452-453.

Canadian Beekeeping (1987). Beekeepers protest regulatory action. Canadian Beekeeping 13:207.

Cantwell, G.E. (1960). The use of ethylene oxide to fumigate honey bee equipment in the United States and Canada during the 1970s. American Bee Journal 120:840- 843.

Faucon, J., Arvieu, J., Collin, M. (1982). Possibilté d'utilisation du bronure de méthyle pour la désinfection du matériel apicole. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 133:207-210.

Foster, J.W., Hardwick, W.A. and Guirard, B. (1950). Anti-sporulation factors in complex organic media. I. Growth and sporulation studies of Bacillus larvae. Journal of Bacteriology 59:463-470.

Gochnauer, T.A. (1981) The distribution of Bacillus larvae spores in the environs of colonies infected with American foulbrood disease. American Bee Journal 12:332-335.

Goodwin, R.M. (1991). pers. com. as reported in Matheson, A. and Reid, M. (1992). Strategies for the prevention and control of American foulbrood. American Bee Journal 132:399-402,471-473, 534-537.

Goodwin, R.M. (1995). pers. com.

Goodwin, R.M., Perry, J.H., and Haine, H.M. (1993a). American foulbrood disease - part 1: the incidence of American foulbrood disease in New Zealand. New Zealand Beekeeper 278:19-20.

Goodwin, R.M., Perry, J.H., and Haine, H.M. (1993b). American foulbrood disease - part 2: subclinical infections. New Zealand Beekeeper 218:7-9.

Goodwin, R.M., Perry, J.H., and Haine, H.M. (1993c). American foulbrood disease - part 3: spread. New Zealand Beekeeper 219:7-10.

Goodwin, R.M., Perry, J.H., and Haine, H.M. (1993d). American foulbrood disease - part 4: control. New Zealand Beekeeper 220:26-27.

Goodwin, R.M., Perry, J.H., and Ten Houten, A. (1994a). The effect of drifting honey bees on the spread of American foulbrood infections. Journal of Apicultural Research 33:209-212.

Goodwin, R.M., Perry, J.H., and Ten Houten, A. (1994b). Incidence of American foulbrood infections in feral honey bee colonies in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 21:285-287.

Hansen, H. and Rasmussen, B. (1991) The sensitiveness of the foulbrood bacterium Bacillus larvae to heat treatment. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recent Research on Bee Pathology. Gent, Belgium, 5-7 September, 1990:146-148.

Haseman, L. (1961). How long can spores of American foulbrood live? American Bee Journal 101:298-299.

Holst, E. and Sturtevant, A.P. (1940). Relation of proteolytic enzymes to phase of life cycle of Bacillus larvae, and two new culture media for this organism. Journal of Bacteriology 40:723-731.

Hornitzky, M.A.Z. (1988). The detection of Bacillus larvae in adult honey bees. Proc. 2nd Inter. Bee Congress: 83-98.

Hornitzky, M.A.Z. (1989). American foulbrood disease in Australia - a 1989 perspective. Australasian Beekeeper 91:172, 179.

Hornitzky, M.A.Z. (1990). Honey bee diseases in Australia, 1990. Australasian Beekeeper 92:20-28.

Hornitzky, M.A.Z. and Karlovskis, S. (1989). A culture technique for the detection of Bacillus larvae in honey bees. Journal of Apicultural Research 28:118-120.

Hornitzky, M.A.Z. and White, B. (1983). Large scale application of gamma radiation in the control of American foulbrood. Australasian Beekeeper 84:151- 153.

Ibragimov, R.P. (1958). [Testing drugs in the treatment of American Foulbrood]. Pchelovodstvo 35:44-48.

Lloyd, J.M. (1986). Simplified laboratory diagnosis of American Foulbrood disease. Journal of Apicultural Research 25:55-57.

Lochhead, A.G. (1942). Growth factor requirements of Bacillus larvae White. Journal of Bacteriology 44:185-189.

MAF Quality Management (1994). Report to annual conference of the National Beekeepers' Association. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Matheson, A. (1984). Practical beekeeping in New Zealand. NZ Government Printer.

Matheson, A. (1987). The value of honey bees to New Zealand. The New Zealand Beekeeper 194:29.

Matheson, A. (1993). World bee health report. Bee World 74:177-212.

Matheson, A. and Reid, M. (1992). Strategies for the prevention and control of American foulbrood. American Bee Journal 132:399-402,471-473, 534-537.

Matsuka, M., and Nakamura, K. (1990) Oxytetracycline residues in honey and royal jelly. Journal of Apicultural Research 29:112-117.

Michael, A. (1964). Ethylene oxide - a fumigant for control of pests and parasites of the honey bee. Gleanings in Bee Culture 92:102-104.

Morse, R., Shimanuki, H. (1990). Summary of control measures. In Morse, R., Nowogrodzki, R. (ed) Honey bee pests, predators, and diseases. Comstock Publishing; Cornell, NY, USA; pp 341-361.

Mungari, R., Jamnback, H. (1991). American foulbrood: who suffers? Gleanings in Bee Culture 119:100-101.

National Beekeepers' Association (1993). Disease control committee report to executive on control of American foulbrood in New Zealand. National Beekeepers' Association.

National Beekeepers' Association (1994). New Zealand beekeeping - an industry profile, 1995 revised edition. National Beekeepers' Association.

Oldroyd, B.P., Goodman, R.D., Hornitzky, M.A.Z., Chandler, D. (1989). The effect on American foulbrood of standard oxytetracycline hydrochloride treatments for the control of European foulbrood of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 40:691-697.

Park, O.W. (1953). Determination of the incubation period of Bacillus larvae White, causal organism of American foulbrood in honeybees. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 60:707-715.

Reid, M. (1990) Feeding drugs to honey bees to control diseases - some of the issue. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Reinhardt, J.F. (1947). The sulphathiazole cure of American foulbrood: an explanatory theory. Journal of Economic Entomology 40:45-48.

Rendall, G. (1981) Antibiotic risk to bees. The Veterinary Record 28:194.

Rinderer, T.E. and Rothenbuhler, W.C. (1969). Resistance to American Foulbrood in honeybees. X. Comparative mortality of queen, worker and drone larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 13: 81-86.

Rinderer, T.E., Rothenbuhler, W.C. and Gochnauer, T.A. (1974). The influence of pollen on the susceptibility of honey-bee larvae to Bacillus larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 23:347-350.

Rothenbuhler, W.C. (1958). Genetics and breeding of the honey-bee. Annual Review of Entomology 3:161-180.

Ryan, A.F. and Cunningham, D.G. (1950). Some observations on the control of American foulbrood disease of bees by the use of sulphathiazole. Tasmanian Journal of Agriculture 21:313-317.

Sano, H. (1982). [Occurrence of Bacillus larvae in honey bees in Schizuoka Prefecture.] Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 35:96-99.

Shimanuki, H. (1990). Bacteria. In Honey bee pests, predators, and diseases. Morse, R. ed. Cornell University Press.

Singh, S. (1961). Appearance of American foulbrood disease in India honeybee (Apis indica Fabr.). Indian Bee Journal 23:46-50.

Sturtevant, A.P. (1932). Relation of commercial honey to the spread of American foulbrood. Journal of Agricultural Research 45:257-285.

Sturtevant, A.P. and Revell, I.L. (1953). Reduction of Bacillus larvae spores in liquid food of honey bees by the action of the honey stopper, and its relation to the development of American foulbrood. Journal of Economic Entomology 46:855- 860.

Tarr, H.L.A. (1937a). Studies on American foulbrood of bees. I. The relative pathogenicity of vegetative cells and endospores of Bacillus larvae of the brood of the bee. Annals of Applied Biology 24:377-384.

Tarr, H.L.A. (1937b). Certain factors influencing the germination of the endospores of Bacillus larvae. Bee World 18:57-58.

Thompson, V.C. and Rothenbuhler, W.C. (1957). Resistance to American foulbrood in honey bees. II. Differential protection of larvae by adults of different genetic lines. Journal of Economic Entomology 50:731-737.

Van Eaton, C. (1992). New developments in the control of honey bee diseases in New Zealand. Surveillance 19:8-9.

Wilson, W.T., Elliot, J.R. and Hitchcock, J.D. (1973) Treatment of American foulbrood with antibiotic extender patties and antibiotic paper packs. American Bee Journal 113:341-344..

Wilson, W.T. and Alzubaidy, M. (1975). The role of the adult queen bee (Apis mellifera) in the epizootiology of American foulbrood disease. Proceedings of the XXVth International Apicultural Congress, Grenoble, France: 372-374.

White, G.F. (1907). The cause of American foulbrood. Circular, US Bureau of Entomology, No 94.

White, G.F. (1920a). American foulbrood. Bulletin, US Department of Agriculture, No 809.

Woodward, D., and Brown, D. (1991). South Australian apiarists' survey on bee diseases, treatment and crop pollination. Australasian Beekeeper 92:417-418.

Woodrow, A.W. (1942). Susceptibility of honey bee larvae to individual inoculations with spores of Bacillus larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology 35:892-895.

Woodrow, A.W. and Holst, E.C. (1942). The mechanism of colony resistance to American foulbrood. Journal of Economic Entomology 35:327-330.

Woodrow, A.W. and States, H.J. (1943). Removal of diseased brood in colonies infected with AFB. American Bee Journal 81:22-26.


Home     NZ Bkpg     Bee Diseases     Organisation     Information     Contacts

Email to Nick Wallingford, webmaster of the site...
© 2000, NZ Beekeeping Site.